Tetracyclines



Definition

Tetracyclines are medicines that kill bacteria, which are one-celled disease-causing microorganisms that commonly multiply by cell division. Tetracyclines are also used to treat infections caused by such subcategories of bacteria as rickettsiae and spirochetes.

Tetracyclines are classified as antibiotics , which are chemical substances produced by a microorganism that are able to kill other microorganisms without being toxic to the person, animal, or plant being treated. Some tetracyclines are derived directly from a bacterium known as Streptomyces coelicolor ; others are made in the laboratory from chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline.


Purpose

Tetracyclines are called "broad-spectrum" antibiotics, because they can be used to treat a wide variety of infections. Physicians may prescribe these drugs to treat eye infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, urinary tract infections, Lyme disease, and other infections caused by bacteria. These drugs are also used to treat acne. The tetracyclines will not work, however, for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.


Description

Tetracyclines are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in capsule, tablet, liquid, and injectable forms. Some commonly used medicines in this group are tetracycline (Achromycin V, Sumycin), demeclocycline (Declomycin), minocycline (Minocin), oxytetracycline (Terramycin), and doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin, Vivox).

Tetracyclines have been used for treatment of gum infections in dental surgery. In orthopedic surgery they have been used as markers to identify living bone. The patient is given a tetracycline antibiotic for several weeks prior to surgery. Some of the tetracycline is absorbed into the bone during this period. Since tetracyclines glow under ultraviolet light, this absorption helps the surgeon distinguish the living bone from the dead tissue that must be removed.

Tetracycline may also be mixed with bone cement for prevention of infection in bone surgery. In nasal surgery, tetracycline ointments are used to help prevent postsurgical infections.


Recommended dosage

The recommended dosage depends on the specific tetracycline, its strength, and the disease agent and severity of infection for which it is being taken. Patients should check with the physician who prescribed the drug or the pharmacist who filled the prescription for the correct dosage.

To make sure an infection clears up completely, patients should take the full course of antibiotic medication. It is important to not stop taking the drug just because symptoms begin to improve.

Tetracyclines are most effective at constant levels in the blood. To keep blood levels constant, the medicine should be taken in doses spaced evenly throughout the day and night. It is important to not miss any doses.

These medicines work best when taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water. The water will help prevent irritation of the stomach and esophagus (the tube-like structure that runs from the throat to the stomach). If the medicine still causes stomach upset, the patient may take it with food. Tetracyclines should never be taken with milk or milk products, however, as these may prevent the drugs from working properly. Patients should not drink or eat milk or dairy products within one to two hours of taking tetracyclines (except doxycycline and minocycline).


Precautions

The following warnings apply to tetracycline preparations taken by mouth to treat infections; they do not apply to topical ointments or tetracyclines mixed with bone cement. Also, these warnings apply primarily to tetracycline itself. Some members of the tetracycline family, particularly doxycycline and minocycline, have different adverse effects and precautions. Patients should consult their physician or pharmacist about these specific drugs.

Taking outdated tetracyclines can cause serious side effects. Patients should not take these medicines if:

Outdated tetracyclines should be thrown out. Patients should check with their physician or pharmacist if they have any doubts about the effectiveness of their drugs.

Patients should not take antacids, calcium supplements, such salicylates as Magan or Trilisate, magnesium-containing laxatives , or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) within one to two hours of taking tetracyclines. Patients should also not take any medicines that contain iron (including multivitamin and mineral supplements) within two to three hours of taking tetracyclines.

Some people feel dizzy when taking these drugs. Tetracyclines may also cause blurred vision. Because of these possible side effects, anyone who takes these drugs should not drive, use machines or do anything else that might be dangerous until they have found out how the drugs affect them.

Birth control pills may not work properly while tetracyclines are being taken. To prevent pregnancy, women should use alternative methods of birth control while taking tetracyclines.

Tetracyclines may increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight. Even brief exposure to sun can cause a severe sunburn or a rash. During treatment with these drugs, patients should avoid exposure to direct sunlight, especially high sun between 10 A . M . and 3 P . M .; wear a hat and tightly woven clothing that covers the arms and legs; use a sunscreen with a skin protection factor (SPF) of at least 15; protect the lips with a lip balm containing sun block; and avoid the use of tanning beds, tanning booths, or sunlamps. Sensitivity to sunlight and sunlamps may continue for two weeks to several months after stopping the medicine, so patients must continue to be careful about sun exposure.

Tetracyclines may permanently discolor the teeth of people who took the medicine in childhood. The drugs may also slow down the growth of children's bones. Tetracyclines should not be given to infants or children under eight years of age unless directed by the child's physician.


Special conditions

People with certain medical conditions or who are taking other medicines may have problems if they take tetracyclines. Before taking these drugs, the patient must inform the doctor about any of these conditions:

FOOD OR MEDICATION ALLERGIES. Anyone who has had unusual reactions to tetracyclines in the past should inform his or her physician before taking the drugs again. The physician should also be told about any allergies to foods, dyes, preservatives, or other substances.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION. Pregnant women should not take tetracyclines during the last four months of pregnancy. These drugs can prevent the baby's bones and teeth from developing properly and may cause the baby's adult teeth to be permanently discolored. Tetracyclines can also cause liver problems in pregnant women.

Women who are breastfeeding should also not take tetracyclines. The drugs pass into breast milk and can affect the nursing baby's teeth and bones. They may also make the baby more sensitive to sunlight and may increase its risk of contracting fungal infections.

OTHER CONDITIONS. Before using tetracyclines, people with any of these medical problems should make sure their physicians have been informed:

Side effects

The most common side effects of tetracyclines are stomach cramps or a burning sensation in the stomach, mild diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. These problems usually go away as the body adjusts to the drug and do not require medical treatment. Less common side effects, such as a sore mouth or tongue and itching of the rectal or genital areas may occur. These reactions do not need medical attention, however, unless they do not go away or are bothersome.

Other rare side effects have been reported, including inflammation of the pancreas, impairment of the kidneys, skin peeling, headache, intracranial hypertension, and ulceration of the esophagus. Anyone who has unusual symptoms during or after treatment with tetracyclines should consult his or her physician.

Drug interactions

Tetracyclines may interact with other medicines. When an interaction occurs, the effects of one or both of the drugs may change or the risk of side effects may be greater. Anyone who takes tetracyclines should give the doctor a list of all other medications that they take on a regular basis, including over-the-counter drugs, herbal preparations, and traditional Chinese or other alternative medicines . Standard medications that may interact with tetracyclines include:

Herbal preparations containing St. John's wort have been reported to increase sensitivity to sunlight in patients taking tetracyclines. People who have been using St. John's wort to relieve mild depression should discontinue it while they are taking tetracyclines.


Resources

books

"Antibacterial Drugs: Tetracyclines." Section 13, Chapter 153 in The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy , edited by Mark H. Beers, MD, and Robert Berkow, MD. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.

Pelletier, Kenneth R., MD. The Best Alternative Medicine , Part I, Chapter 6, "Western Herbal Medicine." New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.

Wilson, Billie Ann, RN, PhD, Carolyn L. Stang, PharmD, and Margaret T. Shannon, RN, PhD. Nurses Drug Guide 2000 . Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1999.


periodicals

Al-Mofarreh, M. A., and I. A. Al Mofleh. "Esophageal Ulceration Complicating Doxycycline Therapy." World Journal of Gastroenterology 9 (March 2003): 609-611.

Gottehrer, N. R. "Managing Risk Factors in Successful Nonsurgical Treatment of Periodontal Disease." Dentistry Today 22 (January 2003): 64-69.

Grasset, L., C. Guy, and M. Ollagnier. "Cyclines and Acne: Pay Attention to Adverse Drug Reactions! A Recent Literature Review." [in French] Revue de médecine interne 24 (May 2003): 305-316.

Lochhead, J., and J. S. Elston. "Doxycycline Induced Intracranial Hypertension." British Medical Journal 326 (March 22, 2003): 641-642.

Moore, D. E. "Drug-Induced Cutaneous Photosensitivity: Incidence, Mechanism, Prevention and Management." Drug Safety 25 (2002): 345-372.

Wormser, G. P., R. Ramanathan, J. Nowakowski, et al. "Duration of Antibiotic Therapy for Early Lyme Disease. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Annals of Internal Medicine 138 (May 6, 2003): 697-704.


organizations

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 657-3000. http://www.ashp.org .

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857-0001. (888) INFO-FDA. http://www.fda.gov .


Nancy Ross-Flanigan Sam Uretsky, PharmD



User Contributions:

ITS EXPLAINED WELL BUT WHY IS IT CONTRAINDICATED IN CHILDREN UNDER EIGHT YEARS
2
Lily
Can Tetracycline be the cause of the white blood cell lower? (I have been taking Tetracycline 40 - 250MG capsules for 10 days during each of the three dental implants, total 120 capsules for this year and the recent blood test shows my WBC is only 2.7 (normal should be(3.8-10.8). It would be greatly appreciated if I could get an answer to my question!
3
Sunil
I was recently prescribed oxytetracyline for my acne.
Howecer I have had diarroea for 5 days. Is this common?
Does this medication work?
4
Dave Taylor
Did anyone answer Lily's question.
I am using long term 250mg Oxytetracycline and my WBC is low/marginal?
5
Donald McCraney
Can tetracycline cause depression and or contribute to postpartum depression?
6
Brett
I have implants and I was given doxycycline 300mg/daily for a yeast infection. Is it safe to use this drug around implants? There seems to be no information available, which I find quite worrying. This drug is good for fighting infections and reducing swelling, but I notice my implants have changed color (more darker and transparent at the bottom). I am worried the doxycycline is responsible.
7
Brett
p.s. (dental) implants. Sorry for not being more specific or being unable to address any other questions/comments.

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